Section Article

FROM PATRIARCHY TO PARTICIPATION: THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA
Author(s): Hemwati Nandan

Abstract
The evolution of women’s rights in India represents one of the most significant social transformations in the nation’s history reflecting a long journey from deeply rooted patriarchal norms to increasing participation empowerment and legal recognition. As India approached 2024 the discourse around gender equality became even more prominent due to rising educational opportunities expanding digital awareness socio-political mobilization and strengthened legal frameworks. Historically Indian society was marked by gender hierarchies that restricted womens autonomy mobility and decision-making power. Women’s rights were shaped by cultural traditions caste expectations religious norms and patriarchal family structures. Over time social reform movements national freedom struggles constitutional guarantees judicial interventions feminist activism and global gender frameworks collectively reshaped the landscape of women’s rights. This paper analyzes the transformation from patriarchy to participation in India exploring how women moved from marginalization to becoming active agents in education politics economy law and social life. It argues that while progress has been significant structural inequalities gender-based violence socio-cultural stereotypes and systemic biases remain major obstacles. The study highlights that the future of gender equality in India depends on deeper institutional reforms inclusive social policies expanded economic opportunities and sustained civic mobilization. By evaluating the evolution of womens rights in historical and contemporary contexts this research provides a comprehensive understanding of India’s ongoing journey toward gender justice.