Section Article

Water Conflicts in South Asia: A Political and Environmental Study
Author(s): Jyoti Sharma

Abstract
South Asia home to nearly one-fourth of the global population is characterized by a high degree of water dependence on transboundary river systems such as the Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra. As demands for freshwater escalate due to population growth urbanization and climate change water has emerged not only as a critical environmental resource but also as a contentious political issue. This research paper explores the complex dynamics of water conflicts in South Asia through a political and environmental lens. It examines the role of geography historical treaties institutional mechanisms interstate rivalries and ecological degradation in shaping the region’s water disputes. Focusing on case studies such as the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan the Farakka Barrage dispute between India and Bangladesh and the China-India-Bhutan water triangle the paper argues that while water has not led to full-scale wars in South Asia it remains a potent source of geopolitical tension and ecological vulnerability. The paper concludes by suggesting a framework for cooperative and sustainable transboundary water governance rooted in equity transparency and ecological resilience.